Here you will find a list of scales and measures that could be useful in measuring outcomes in RCCs and studies. Below, the items have been grouped by the constructs they measure. You can open a PDF containing the full items and scoring of each measure by clicking on the link in the “Items” column.
Note: This list is still a work in progress; we will be adding more scales and measures over time.
If you would like more information on any of the listed scales, please email recoveryseminars@mgh.harvard.edu.
Recovery Specific Constructs
| Name | # Items | Items |
| Substance Use Recovery Evaluator (SURE) | 26 | (Neale et al., 2016) |
| Brief Assessment of Recovery Capital (BARC-10) | 10 | (Vilsaint et al., 2017) |
| Assessment of Recovery Capital (ARC) | 50 | (Groshkova et al., 2013) |
| Recovery Progression Measure (RPM) | 36 | (Elison et al., 2016) |
Evaluation of Services
| Name | # Items | Items |
| Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ) | 8 | (Larsen, 1979) |
| Client Evaluation of Self and Treatment (CEST) | 130 | (Institute of Behavioral Research, 2005) |
| Social Support Subscale of Client Evaluation of Self and Treatment (CEST-SS) | 9 | (Institute of Behavioral Research, 2005) |
| Utilization of Recovery-Oriented Services | 4 | Recovery-Oriented Service Items |
| Group Cohesion Measure | 11 | Group Cohesion Items |
| Ways in Which RCCs Confer Benefits | 17 | Ways in Which RCCs Confer Benefits |
Quality of Life
| Name | # Items | Items |
| EUROHIS-QOL | 8 | (Schmidt et al., 2006) |
| Quality of Life (WHOQOL)-BREF | 26 | (WHOQOL Group, 1998) |
Emotional Well-Being
| Name | # Items | Items |
| Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWL) | 5 | (Diener et al., 1985) |
| Single-Item Self-Esteem Scale | 1 | (Robins et al., 2001) |
| Subjective Happiness Scale (SHS) | 4 | (Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 1999) |
| Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) | 10 | (Rosenberg, 1965) |
Flourishing
| Name | # Items | Items |
| Flourishing Measure (FM) | 6 | (VanderWeele, 2017) |
| Flourishing Scale (FS) | 8 | (Diener et al., 2010) |
| Snaith-Hamilton Pleasure Scale (SHAPS) | 14 | (Snaith et al., 1995) |
| State Optimism Measure (SOM) | 7 | (Millstein et al., 2019) |
| Brief State Optimism Measure (B-SOM) | 2 | B-SOM items |
Mechanisms of Behavior Change
| Name | # Items | Items |
| Alcohol Abstinence Self-Efficacy 12-Item (AASE-12) | 12 | (McKiernan et al., 2011) |
| Alcohol Abstinence Self-Efficacy 20-Item (AASE-20) | 20 | (DiClemente et al., 1994) |
Resilience
| Name | # Items | Items |
| Brief Resilience Scale (BRS) | 5 | (Smith et al., 2008) |
Anxiety and Depression
| Name | # Items | Items |
| Center of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D-10) | 10 | (Andresen et al., 1994) |
| Generalized Anxiety Disorder Screener (GAD-7) | 7 | (Spitzer et al., 2006 & Löwe et al., 2008) |
| Personal Health Questionnaire – 4 items (PHQ-4) | 4 | (Kroenke et al., 2009) |
| Personal Health Questionnaire – 8 items (PHQ-8) | 8 | (Kroenke et al., 2009) |
Medication-Assisted Treatment
| Name | # Items | Items |
| The Attitudes toward MAT Scale | 36 | (Cavazos-Rehg et al., 2018) |
Substance Use
| Name | # Items | Items |
| Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test – Consumption (AUDIT-C) | 3 | (Bradley et al., 2007) |
| Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test – 10-item measure (AUDIT 10) | 10 | (Bohn et al., 1995) |
| Drug Abuse Screening Test (DAST-10) | 10 | (Skinner, 1982) |
Physical Health
| Name | # Items | Items |
| Rand Health Survey (SF-36) | 36 | (Hays et al., 1993) |
Stress
| Name | # Items | Items |
| Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-10) | 10 | (Cohen, 1983) |
| Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4) | 4 | (Cohen, 1983) |
Additional Scales and Measures:
These scales are not directly relevant to RCCs, but are still useful in the study of substance use and recovery.
| Name | # Items | Items |
| Timeline Follow-Back (Form 90) | 58 | (Miller, 1996) |
| Barriers to Retention in Substance Use Treatment | 19 | (Zemore et al., 2021) |
| Life Goals | 1 | Life Goals |